Local Forces - CAESAR II - Help

Provides elemental forces and moments in the element local a-b-c coordinate system. The a-b-c coordinate system is defined below.

For straight pipe not connected to an intersection:

• a is along the element axis (for example, perpendicular to the pipe cross-section)

• b is a XY, unless a is vertical and then b is along the X axis

• c is a Xb.

For bends and elbows, and for each segment end:

• a is along the element axis (perpendicular to the pipe cross-section)

• b is to the plane of the bend

• c is a Xb.

For intersections, and for each segment framing into the intersection:

• a is along the element axis (perpendicular to the pipe cross-section)

• b is to the plane of the intersection

• c is a Xb.

The X indicates the vector cross product.

Force, moment, and stress reports are similar to restraint reports in that each has the maximum response, followed by:

1. Modal maximum

2. Modal maximum load identifier.

All force/moment reports are set up to represent the forces and moments that act on the end of the element to keep the element in equilibrium.